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# Kubernetes cluster manifests
## Introduction
This is the Kubernetes manifests of services running on k-space.ee domains:
- [Authelia](https://auth.k-space.ee) for authentication
- [Drone.io](https://drone.k-space.ee) for building Docker images
- [Harbor](https://harbor.k-space.ee) for hosting Docker images
- [ArgoCD](https://argocd.k-space.ee) for deploying Kubernetes manifests and
Helm charts into the cluster
- [camtiler](https://cams.k-space.ee) for cameras
- [Longhorn Dashboard](https://longhorn.k-space.ee) for administering
Longhorn storage
- [Kubernetes Dashboard](https://kubernetes-dashboard.k-space.ee/) for read-only overview
of the Kubernetes cluster
- [Wildduck Webmail](https://webmail.k-space.ee/)
Most endpoints are protected by OIDC autentication or Authelia SSO middleware.
## Cluster access
General discussion is happening in the `#kube` Slack channel.
<details><summary>Bootstrapping access</summary>
For bootstrap access obtain `/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf` from one of the master
nodes and place it under `~/.kube/config` on your machine.
Once Authelia is working, OIDC access for others can be enabled with
running following on Kubernetes masters:
```bash
patch /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml - << EOF
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
- --etcd-certfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.crt
- --etcd-keyfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.key
- --etcd-servers=https://127.0.0.1:2379
+ - --oidc-issuer-url=https://auth.k-space.ee
+ - --oidc-client-id=kubelogin
+ - --oidc-username-claim=preferred_username
+ - --oidc-groups-claim=groups
- --kubelet-client-certificate=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
- --kubelet-client-key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.key
- --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet
```
</details>
The following can be used to talk to the Kubernetes cluster using OIDC credentials:
```bash
kubectl krew install oidc-login
mkdir -p ~/.kube
cat << EOF > ~/.kube/config
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: 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
server: https://master.kube.k-space.ee:6443
name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: kubernetes
user: oidc
name: default
current-context: default
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: oidc
user:
exec:
apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
args:
- oidc-login
- get-token
- --oidc-issuer-url=https://auth.k-space.ee
- --oidc-client-id=kubelogin
- --oidc-use-pkce
- --oidc-extra-scope=profile,email,groups
- --listen-address=127.0.0.1:27890
command: kubectl
env: null
provideClusterInfo: false
EOF
```
For access control mapping see [cluster-role-bindings.yml](cluster-role-bindings.yml)
### systemd-resolved issues on access
```sh
Unable to connect to the server: dial tcp: lookup master.kube.k-space.ee on 127.0.0.53:53: no such host
```
```
Network → VPN → `IPv4` → Other nameservers (Muud nimeserverid): `172.21.0.1`
Network → VPN → `IPv6` → Other nameservers (Muud nimeserverid): `2001:bb8:4008:21::1`
Network → VPN → `IPv4` → Search domains (Otsingudomeenid): `kube.k-space.ee`
Network → VPN → `IPv6` → Search domains (Otsingudomeenid): `kube.k-space.ee`
```
# Technology mapping
Our self-hosted Kubernetes stack compared to AWS based deployments:
| Hipster startup | Self-hosted hackerspace | Purpose |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| AWS ALB | Traefik | Reverse proxy also known as ingress controller in Kubernetes jargon |
| AWS AMP | Prometheus Operator | Monitoring and alerting |
| AWS CloudTrail | ECK Operator | Log aggregation |
| AWS DocumentDB | MongoDB Community Operator | Highly available NoSQL database |
| AWS EBS | Longhorn | Block storage for arbitrary applications needing persistent storage |
| AWS EC2 | Proxmox | Virtualization layer |
| AWS ECR | Harbor | Docker registry |
| AWS EKS | kubeadm | Provision Kubernetes master nodes |
| AWS NLB | MetalLB | L2/L3 level load balancing |
| AWS RDS for MySQL | MySQL Operator | Provision highly available relational databases |
| AWS Route53 | Bind and RFC2136 | DNS records and Let's Encrypt DNS validation |
| AWS S3 | Minio Operator | Highly available object storage |
| AWS VPC | Calico | Overlay network |
| Dex | Authelia | ACL mapping and OIDC provider which integrates with GitHub/Samba |
| GitHub Actions | Drone | Build Docker images |
| GitHub | Gitea | Source code management, issue tracking |
| GitHub OAuth2 | Samba (Active Directory compatible) | Source of truth for authentication and authorization |
| Gmail | Wildduck | E-mail |
External dependencies running as classic virtual machines:
- Samba as Authelia's source of truth
- Bind as DNS server
## Adding applications
Deploy applications via [ArgoCD](https://argocd.k-space.ee)
We use Treafik with Authelia for Ingress.
Applications where possible and where applicable should use `Remote-User`
authentication. This prevents application exposure on public Internet.
Otherwise use OpenID Connect for authentication,
see Argo itself as an example how that is done.
See `kspace-camtiler/ingress.yml` for commented Ingress example.
Note that we do not use IngressRoute objects because they don't
support `external-dns` out of the box.
Do NOT add nginx annotations, we use Traefik.
Do NOT manually add DNS records, they are added by `external-dns`.
Do NOT manually create Certificate objects,
these should be handled by `tls:` section in Ingress.
## Cluster formation
Created Ubuntu 22.04 VM-s on Proxmox with local storage.
Added some ARM64 workers by using Ubuntu 22.04 server on Raspberry Pi.
After machines have booted up and you can reach them via SSH:
```bash
# Enable required kernel modules
cat > /etc/modules << EOF
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF
cat /etc/modules | xargs -L 1 -t modprobe
# Finetune sysctl:
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/99-k8s.conf << EOF
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
# Elasticsearch needs this
vm.max_map_count = 524288
# Bump inotify limits to make sure
fs.inotify.max_user_instances=1280
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=655360
EOF
sysctl --system
# Disable Ubuntu caching DNS resolver
systemctl disable systemd-resolved.service
systemctl stop systemd-resolved
rm -fv /etc/resolv.conf
cat > /etc/resolv.conf << EOF
nameserver 1.1.1.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
EOF
# Disable multipathd as Longhorn handles that itself
systemctl mask multipathd snapd
systemctl disable --now multipathd snapd bluetooth ModemManager hciuart wpa_supplicant packagekit
# Permit root login
sed -i -e 's/PermitRootLogin no/PermitRootLogin without-password/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl reload ssh
cat ~ubuntu/.ssh/authorized_keys > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
userdel -f ubuntu
apt-get install -yqq linux-image-generic
apt-get remove -yq cloud-init linux-image-*-kvm
```
Install packages:
```bash
OS=xUbuntu_22.04
VERSION=1.25
echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/$OS/ /"| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
echo "deb http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable:/cri-o:/$VERSION/$OS/ /"|sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable:cri-o:$VERSION.list
rm -fv /etc/apt/trusted.gpg
curl -s https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/$OS/Release.key | gpg --dearmor > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/libcontainers-archive-keyring.gpg
curl -s https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable:/cri-o:/$VERSION/$OS/Release.key | gpg --dearmor > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/libcontainers-crio-archive-keyring.gpg
curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | gpg --dearmor > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/packages-cloud-google.gpg
echo "deb https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
apt-get update
apt-get install -yqq --allow-change-held-packages apt-transport-https curl cri-o cri-o-runc kubelet=1.25.12-00 kubectl=1.25.12-00 kubeadm=1.25.12-00 cri-o=1.25.3~0
apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl cri-o
cat << \EOF > /etc/containers/registries.conf
unqualified-search-registries = ["docker.io"]
# To pull Docker images from a mirror uncomment following
#[[registry]]
#prefix = "docker.io"
#location = "mirror.gcr.io"
EOF
sudo systemctl restart crio
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable crio --now
```
On master:
```
kubeadm init --token-ttl=120m --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --control-plane-endpoint "master.kube.k-space.ee:6443" --upload-certs --apiserver-cert-extra-sans master.kube.k-space.ee --node-name master1.kube.k-space.ee
```
For the `kubeadm join` command specify FQDN via `--node-name $(hostname -f)`.
Set AZ labels:
```
for j in $(seq 1 9); do
for t in master mon worker storage; do
kubectl label nodes ${t}${j}.kube.k-space.ee topology.kubernetes.io/zone=node${j}
done
done
```
After forming the cluster add taints:
```bash
for j in $(seq 1 9); do
kubectl label nodes worker${j}.kube.k-space.ee node-role.kubernetes.io/worker=''
done
for j in $(seq 1 4); do
kubectl taint nodes mon${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=monitoring:NoSchedule
kubectl label nodes mon${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=monitoring
done
for j in $(seq 1 4); do
kubectl taint nodes storage${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=storage:NoSchedule
kubectl label nodes storage${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=storage
done
```
For `arm64` nodes add suitable taint to prevent scheduling non-multiarch images on them:
```bash
kubectl taint nodes worker9.kube.k-space.ee arch=arm64:NoSchedule
```
For door controllers:
```
for j in ground front back; do
kubectl taint nodes door-${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=door:NoSchedule
kubectl label nodes door-${j}.kube.k-space.ee dedicated=door
kubectl taint nodes door-${j}.kube.k-space.ee arch=arm64:NoSchedule
done
```
To reduce wear on storage:
```
echo StandardOutput=null >> /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet
```
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